A past tense does not always have a past meaning. In some kinds of sentence we use verbs like I had, you went or I was wondering to talk about the present or future.

After if.

• If I had the money now I'd buy a car.
• If you caught the ten o'clock train tomorrow you could be in Edinburgh by supper-time.

Enough comes after adjectives (without nouns) and adverbs.
adjective/adverb + enough

• Is it warm enough for you? (NOT . . . enough warm . . .)
• You're not driving fast enough
  

Enough comes before nouns.
enough (+ adjective) + noun

• Have you got enough milk? (NOT . .. enough of milk.)
• There isn 't enough blue paint left.
  

We use enough of before pronouns and determiners (for example the, my, this).
enough of + pronoun We didn't buy enough of them
enough of + determiner (+ adjective) + noun

• The exam was bad. I couldn't answer enough of the questions.
• Have we got enough of those new potatoes?

We can use an infinitive structure after enough.
... enough... + infinitive

• She's old enough to do what she wants.
  
• I haven't got enough money to buy a car.

.. . enough... + for+ object + infinitive

• It's late enough for us to stop work.

We do not use the present progressive to talk about 'general time'. For this, we use the simple present. Compare:

• My sister's living at home for the moment, (around now) You live in North London, don't you? (general time)
  
• Why is that girl standing on the table? Chetford Castle stands on a hill outside the town.
  
• The leaves are going brown.
  
• I go to the mountains about twice a year.
  

We often use the present progressive to talk about the future.

• What are you doing tomorrow evening?

Some verbs are not used in progressive forms.

• I like this wine. (NOT I'm liking . . .)

Verbs that refer to physical feelings (for example feel, hurt, ache) can be used in the simple present or present progressive without much difference of meaning.

• How do you feel? OR How are you feeling?

• My head aches OR My head is aching

We always use the before same.

• Give me the same again, please. (NOT Give mo seme again, please.)
• I want the same shirt as my friend's. (NOT / want a same shirt like my friend.)
  

We use the same as before a noun or pronoun.

• Her hair's the same colour as her mother's. (NOT . . .  the same colour like her mother's.)
  
• We use the same that before a clause.
  
• That's the same man that asked me for money yesterday.

We can use musno say that we are sure about something (because it is logically necessary).

• If A is bigger than B, and В is bigger than C, then A must be bigger than С
  
• Mary keeps crying. She must have some problem.
  
• There's the doorbell. It must be Roger.
  
• 'I'm in love.' 'That must be nice.'
  

Discourse means 'pieces of language longer than a sentence'. Some words and expressions are used to show how discourse is constructed. They can show the connection between something we have said and something we are going to say; or they can show the connection between what somebody else has said and what we are saying; or they can show what we think about what we are saying; or why we are talking. Here are some common examples of these 'discourse markers'.

Some relative clauses 'identify' nouns. They tell us which person or thing is meant.

• What's the name of the tall man who just came in?
  
• Whose is the car that's parked outside?
  (that's parked outside tells the hearer which car is meant: it identifies the car)

Other relative clauses do not identify. They tell us more about a person or thing that is already identified.

• This is Ms Rogers, whom you met last year
  (whom you met last year does not tell us which woman is meant: we already know that it is Ms Rogers.)
• Have you seen my new car, which I bought last week? (which I bought last week does not tell us which car is meant: we already know that it is 'my new car'.)

Negative verbs

We make negative verbs with auxiliary verb + not.

• We have not forgotten you.

• It was not raining.

In an informal style, we use contracted negatives with n't .

• We haven't forgotten you. It wasn't raining.
• If there is no auxiliary verb, we use do with not.
• I like the salad, but I don't like the soup.

There are really three different verbs.
1    should
This verb (/ should/you should/he should etc) is used to talk about obligation, and in some other ways.

2    would
This verb (/ would/you would/he would etc) can be used to talk about past habits, and to make polite requests.

3    should/would
This verb — the conditional auxiliary — has the following forms:/ should/would you would he/she/it would we should/would they would

The conditional is used in sentences with if, and in some other ways.

We often use an infinitive to talk about a person's purpose — why he or she does something.

• I sat down for a minute to rest
  
• He went abroad to forget
  
• I'm going to Austria to learn German

In a more formal style, we often use in order to or so as to.

• He got up early in order to have time to pack.
• I moved to a new flat so as to be near my work.

In negative sentences, we nearly always use the structure with so as not to or in order not to.

• I'm going to leave now, so as not to be late. (NOT I'm going to leave now, not to be late.)