We can ask a question beginning Why should . . . ? to show that we do not understand something.

• Why should it get colder when you go up a mountain? You're getting nearer the sun.
  

Why should I? and How should I know? show that we are angry.

• 'Give me a cigarette.' Why should I?'
  
• 'What's Susan's phone number?' How should I know?'

Prepositions often come at the ends of clauses in English. This happens in several kinds of structure:

a) questions beginning what, who, where etc.

• What are you looking at?
• Who did you go with?
• Where did you buy it from?

b)    relative clauses

• There's the house (that) I told you about.
• You remember the boy I was going out with?

We do not usually use all alone to mean 'everybody'.
Compare:

• All the people stood up.
  
• Everybody stood up. (NOT All stood up.)
  

All can mean everything, but usually only in the structure all + relative clause ( = all (that) . . .). Compare:

• All (that) I have is yours (OR Everything )
  
• Everything is yours.(NOT All is yours.)
  
• She lost all she owned (OR . . . everything she owned)
• She lost everything.(NOJ She lost all.)
  

This structure often has a rather negative meaning: 'nothing more' or 'the only thing(s)'.

• This is all I've got
  
• All I want is a place to sleep.
  

Note the expression That's all( = 'It's finished').

noun/adjective/adverb + as well as + noun/adjective/adverb clause + as well as -ing.. . As well as -ing... + clause

As well as has a similar meaning to 'not only ... but also'.

• He's got a car as well as a motorbike.
• She's clever as well as beautiful.
  

When we put a verb after as well as, we use the -ing form.

• Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad.
• As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. (NOT As well as he broke his leg . . .)

Note the difference between:

• She sings as well as playing the piano. ( = She not only plays, but also sings.)
  
• She sings as well as she plays the piano. ( = Her singing is as good as her playing.)
  
  

Close and shut can often be used with the same meaning.

• Open your mouth and close/shut your eyes.
• I can't close/shut the window. Can you help me?

The past participles closed and shut can be used as adjectives.

• The post office is closed/shut on Saturday afternoon.

Shut is not usually used before a noun.

• a closed door (NOT a shut door)
  
• closed eyes (NOT shut eyes)

We can use structures with it and what to 'point out' or emphasize particular ideas.

It is/was ... that.

Compare:

• My secretary sent the bill to Mr Harding yesterday.
  
• It was my secretary that sent the bill to Mr Harding yesterday.
  (not somebody else)
  
• It was the bill that my secretary sent to Mr Harding yesterday.
  (not something else)
  
• It was Mr Harding that my secretary sent the bill to yesterday.
  (not to somebody else)
  
• It was yesterday that my secretary sent the bill to Mr Harding.
  (not another day)
  

What{+ subject) + verb + be.

Compare:

• My left leg hurts.
  
• What hurts is my left leg
  
• I like her sense of humour.
  
• What I like is her sense of humour
  

We can emphasize a verb by using what with do and an intinitive. Compare:

• She screamed.
  
• What she did was (to) scream.
  
  

Structure
auxiliary verb + n't + subject...

• Doesn't she understand?
  
• Haven't you booked your holiday yet?
  

auxiliary verb + subject + not...

• Does she not understand?
  
• Have you not booked your holiday yet?
  

The forms with not are formal.

After be used to, we use a noun or an -ing form. The meaning is quite different from    used to + infinitive. If you say that you are used to something, you mean that you know it well. You have experienced it so much that it is no longer strange to you.

be used to + noun

• I'm used to London traffic. We lived here for six years.
  
• At the beginning, I couldn't understand the Londoners, because I wasn't used to their accent.
  

We can use an -ing form after be used to, but not an infinitive.

be used to+ .. . -ing

• I'm used to driving in London now, but it was hard at the beginning. (NOT I'm used to drive ...)
  
• It was a long time before she was completely used to working with old people.
  

Get used to means 'become used to'. You'll soon get used to living in the country.

We can use always with a progressive tense to mean 'very often'.

• I'm always losing my keys.
• Granny's nice. She's always giving people things and doing things for people.
  I'm always running into ( = 'accidentally meeting') Paul these days.

We use this structure to talk about things which happen very often (perhaps more often than expected), but which are not planned. Compare:

• When Alice comes to see me, I always meet her at the station, (a regular, planned arrangement)
  
• I'm always meeting Mrs Bailiff in the supermarket, (accidental, unplanned meetings)
  
• When I was a child, we always had picnics on Saturdays in the summer, (regular, planned)
  
• Her mother was always arranging little surprise picnics and outings. (unexpected, not regular)
  
  

We usually use roundior movement or position in a circle, or in a curve.

• We all sat round the table.
  
• I walked round the car and looked at the wheels.
  
• 'Where do you live?' 'Just round the corner.'