clause + conjunction + clause

conjunction + clause, + clause

1.  A conjunction joins two clauses.

• I'm tired and I want to go to bed. I tried hard but I couldn't understand. His father died, so he had to stop his studies. I know that you don't like her. I 'II sell it to you cheap because you 're a friend of mine. She married him although she didn't love him. We 'II start at eight о 'clock so that we can finish early. I'd tell you If I knew.

...In the theatre, the spectator is stationary as he watches and listens to the spectacle moving before him. If an actor has to give emphasis to a particular gesture or expression he must draw the attention of the audience to himself by taking up a conspicuous position, or by striking a pose or making a movement or pause that will lead the other actors to look at him; and whatever he does must be performed so obviously that it cannot fail to be observed by the most distant members of his audience. His makeup, even his stage-whispers, must be exaggerated for the same purpose.

There are two ways of telling a person what somebody else said.
a. direct speech

• SUE: What did Bill say?
• PETER: He said I want to go home'.
  

b. reported speech

• SUE: What did Bill say?
  
• PETER: He said that he wanted to go home.
  

When we use 'direct speech', we give the exact words (more or less) that were said. When we use 'reported speech', we change the words that were said to make them fit into our own sentence.

The problem of the interrelation between grammar and vocabulary is most complex.

If the question arises about the relationship between grammar and vocabulary we generally think of grammar as a closed system, i. e. consisting of a limited number of elements making up this system. The grammatical system of a language falls into subsystems, such as for instance, parts of speech, conjugated verb-forms, prepositions, affixes, etc., in other words, the classes of linguistic units whose exhaustive inventory can be made up as a whole.

Structure
It is very common in English to put two nouns together without a preposition.

• tennis shoes    
• a sheepdog    
• the car door    
• orange juice

The first noun is like an adjective in some ways.

Compare:

• a race-horse ( = a sort of horse) a horse-race ( = a sort of race)
• a flower garden  ( = a sort of garden) a garden flower  ( = a sort of flower)
• milk chocolate    ( = something to eat) chocolate milk    ( = something to drink)

When we join two or more expressions, we usually put and before the last.

• bread and cheese
• We drank, talked and danced.
• I wrote the letters, Peter addressed them, George bought the stamps and Alice posted them.

In two-word expressions, we often put the shortest word first.

• young and pretty
• cup and saucer

Some common expressions with and have a fixed order which we cannot change.

• hands and knees (NOT knees and hands)
• knife and fork
• bread and butter men
• women and children
• fish and chips

We do not usually use and with adjectives before a noun.

• Thanks for your nice long letter. (NOT . . . your nice and long letter.)
• a tall dark handsome cowboy

But we use and when the adjectives refer to different parts of the same thing.

• red and yellow socks
• a metal and glass table

Every language has fixed expressions which are used on particular social occasions — for example, when people meet, leave each other, go on a journey, sit down to meals, and so on. English does not have very many expressions of this kind: here are some of the most important.

Introductions
Common ways of introducing strangers to each other are:

• John, do you know Helen?
• Helen, this is my friend John.
• Sally, I don't think you've met Elaine.
• I don't think you two know each other, do you?
• Can/May I introduce John Willis? (more formal)

The Palace Theatre in Cambridge Square is a sort of half-way house on the ambitious tour which Sir John Gielgud is undertaking at the head of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company now presenting "Much Ado About Nothing" and "King Lear." Already the players have appeared in Vienna, Zurich, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the Hague, and when their season at the Palace finishes on September 17th, they will go back to the Continent to give performances in Berlin, Hamburg, Oslo and Copenhagen before returning to visit six major cities in the United Kingdom. Finally there is to be a short season at Stratford-upon-Avon.

Possibility

We use can to say that situations and events are possible.

• Scotland can be very warm in September.

• 'Who can join the club?' 'Anybody who wants to.'

• There are three possibilities: we can go to the police, we can talk to a lawyer, or we can forget all about it.
• 'There's the doorbell.' 'Who can it be?' 'Well it can't be your mother.
• She s in Edinburgh.

We use could to talk about past possibility.

• It could be quite frightening if you were alone in our big old house.

We can use always with a progressive tense to mean 'very often'.

• I'm always losing my keys.

• Granny's nice. She's always giving people things and doing things for people.

• I'm always running into ( = 'accidentally meeting') Paul these days.

We use this structure to talk about things which happen very often (perhaps more often than expected), but which are not planned. Compare:

• When Alice comes to see me, I always meet her at the station, (a regular, planned arrangement)

• I'm always meeting Mrs Bailiff in the supermarket, (accidental, unplanned meetings)

• When I was a child, we always had picnics on Saturdays in the summer, (regular, planned)
• Her mother was always arranging little surprise picnics and outings. (unexpected, not regular)