Who, whom and whose

Местоимения  who, whom и whose относятся только к одушевленным предметам. Изредка они употребляются с животными и неодушевленными предметами.

• A boy who does not play games will never be healthy.
• This is the woman whose husband was killed by the dacoits.
• I have an Alsatian whose name is Bruce.
• This is John Paul whom I used to know as a child.
• The ancients worshipped the moon whom they called Diana.

 Which

Which употребляется с животными и с неодушевленными предметами.

• Mangoes which are over-ripe should be thrown away.
• The horse which won the race is called Handsome.
• This is a case which calls for careful investigation.

Which также употребляется, чтобы сослаться на предыдущее утверждение.

• The man said he was a police officer, which was not true.
• He wants me to give up his claim, which is impossible.
• He happened to be there at the time, which was fortunate.

That

That употребляется как с одушевленными, так и неодушевленными предметами.

• This is the boy that won the first prize.
• Here is the man that I told you of.
• This is the monument that was built by Shah Jehan.
• Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

Одно из отличий that от who, which состоит в том, что в то время как who и which могут употребляться в притяжательном падеже (whose, of which) и с предлогами (of whom, to whom, by which) that таким образом употребляться не может.

• This is my boy of whom I am proud.
• This is the man whose house was burgled.
• I have an axe with which I cut wood.

Нельзя заменить that словами of whom, whose или with which в данных предложениях.

What

What употребляется с неодушевленными предметами.

• I mean what (= that which) I say.

• What (= that which) is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.
• Take down what (= that which) I dictate.
• I saw what looked like a flying saucer.
• What cannot be cured must be endured.

As

As употребляется в качестве относительного местоимения после such, и иногда после the same.

• He is such a man as I honour.
• His reaction was such as might have been expected.
• My position is the same as yours.

But

После отрицания, слово but употребляется в качестве относительного местоимения в значении  who…not или which…not.

• There was not a man among them but hoped (= who did not hope) to get out alive.
• There is no rose but has (= which does not have) some thorn.
• There is none here but will (= who will not) support you.